Protactinium (₉₁Pa) has no stable isotopes. The four naturally occurring isotopes allow a standard atomic weight to be given.

Twenty-nine radioisotopes of protactinium have been characterized, ranging from ²¹¹Pa to ²³⁹Pa. The most stable isotope is ²³¹Pa with a half-life of 32,760 years, ²³³Pa with a half-life of 26.967 days, and ²³⁰Pa with a half-life of 17.4 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 1.6 days, and the majority of these have half-lives less than 1.8 seconds. This element also has five meta states, ^217mPa (t_1/2 1.15 milliseconds), ^220m1Pa (t_1/2 = 308 nanoseconds), ^220m2Pa (t_1/2 = 69 nanoseconds), ^229mPa (t_1/2 = 420 nanoseconds), and ^234mPa (t_1/2 = 1.17 minutes).

The only naturally occurring isotopes are ²³¹Pa, which occurs as an intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U, ²³⁴Pa and ^234mPa, both of which occur as intermediate decay products of ²³⁸U. ²³¹Pa makes up nearly all natural protactinium.

The primary decay mode for isotopes of Pa lighter than (and including) the most stable isotope ²³¹Pa is alpha decay, except for ²²⁸Pa to ²³⁰Pa, which primarily decay by electron capture to isotopes of thorium. The primary mode for the heavier isotopes is beta minus (β⁻) decay. The primary decay products of ²³¹Pa and isotopes of protactinium lighter than and including ²²⁷Pa are isotopes of actinium and the primary decay products for the heavier isotopes of protactinium are isotopes of uranium.